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Pericardial Effusion and Wide Complex Tachycardia pearls

Thanks to Dr. Ramesh Dharawat for a discussion on two recent cases seen at SJGH.  One patient presented with a pericardial effusion and the other presented with what was thought to be ventricular tachycardia.

Pericardial effusion

  • EKG: electrical alternans (click to view EKG from LITFL) due to “swinging” of the heart

  • Ultrasound/POCUS to see if the effusion is likely responsible for hemodynamic compromise

    • Look for RIGHT ventricular collapse and RIGHT atrial collapse as signs for tamponade

    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjqrO71mg0k (warning: this video plays loud classical music)

      • This video showcases RV collapse, similar the u/s Dr. Dharawat showed of the patient that presented to our hospital during morning report

  • Pericardiocentesis should NOT be routinely done for diagnostic purposes.  Indicated for hemodynamic compromise as seen above.

  • Medication can lead to pericardial effusion as seen in the patient that presented to the hospital.  Some medications implicated: hydralazine, minoxidil, procainamide. The patient was on minoxidil.

  • Don’t forget to send pericardial fluid for cytology to eval for malignancy, especially in cases of tamponade

  • Pericardial effusions are a frequent incidental finding on CT scans in sick hospitalized patients

Wide complex tachycardia: SVT conducted with aberrancy

  • Unstable = shock

  • At first blush, Figure A appears to be a wide complex tachycardia concerning for ventricular tachycardia (VT)

  • However, this is not VT.  This is SVT conducted with aberrancy.  Here’s some ways to help differentiate between VT vs. SVT conducted with aberrancy when you see a wide-complex tachycardia (WCT).

    • Rate in Figure A is unusually high for VT

    • Discordance in this EKG goes against VT (V5 and V6 are are discordant with V1-4).  Concordance is when QRS in all precordial leads have the same pattern/direction

    • Old EKGs (see Figure B) show a BBB pattern showing the patient has a baseline prolonged QRS interval

  • This patient had SVT conducted with aberrancy and not VT.  However, it is still important to assume VT in WCT until proven otherwise.  It is helpful to check prior EKGs if the patient is stable.  If unstable, use electricity.

  • Further reading: https://litfl.com/vt-versus-svt-ecg-library/ 

Figure A

Figure A

Figure B

Figure B

Cardiac Hypertrophy Pearls

Thanks to Dr. Nathan Blau for presenting on Cardiac Hypertrophy.

Pearls

  • Consider the patient’s clinical picture when reading EKG

    • COPD, hypertension, athlete, history of volume overload, history of pressure overload, etc.

  • Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)

    • Right axis deviation is the most common, and at times, the only EKG finding of RVH

    • Large R-waves in the RIGHT sided leads (V1, V2), rSR’ pattern (but is not RBBB), deep S-wave in LEFT sided leads (V5, V6)

  • Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)

    • Large R-waves in LEFT sided leads (V5, V6, I, and aVL) and deep S-waves in RIGHT sided leads (V1, V2)

    • Athletes often have large QRS amplitudes due to ventricular remodeling, but do not have pathological hypertrophy

    • Many of the voltage criteria for LVH are unreliable in the younger patients

  • Biventricular hypertrophy

    • LVH + Right axis deviation

      • Right axis deviation does not occurs in LVH alone

Questions from the audience:

  • What voltage criteria do you use for LVH?

    • The oldest and often most used criteria is the Sokolow-Lyon Criteria. No single criteria is perfect. 

Practice with these sample EKGs provided by Dr. Blau: 2018.10.25 Cardiac Hypertrophy

Save pearls to your Evernote: https://www.evernote.com/l/AbI-D6jjKRxDxYhpCl-kaJ4mUJgulIm4-3w